The Telecom Protocols

The interfaces and protocols supported towards the networks are mentioned below: Network Interfaces and Protocols

Codec Management Objectives Codec Management has following goals: 1.) Optimize the voice quality. 2.) Optimize the bandwidth efficiency 3.) Optimize the transcoder resource in MGW. 4.) Optimize the delay Voice Quality: Voice quality is measured in terms of the level, attenuation, delay, echo, and so on and may be used as a basis for the iQoS assessments for conventional VoIP. Voice Quality is measured in terms of R-value and below 50 are not recommended. Standards                                     Intrinsic quality (R) ------------------------------------------------------ ITU G.711 (64kbps)                                  94.3 ITU G.728 (12.kbps)                               ...

In Early legacy telephone network, A call between the two mobiles involved with two transcoding function at both the end which decrease the voice quality. The Transcoding Function done by the TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit) to compress and decompress the speech.  TFO (Tandem Free Operation) enables to avoid the traditional double speech encoding / decoding in MS to MS call configurations. TFO uses in-band signalling and procedures for transcoders to enable compressed speech to be maintained between a pair of transcoders.   So the main objective of TFO is the improvement of the voice quality for calls between 2 mobile subscribers, but no resource optimisation is introduced  as transcoder functions are always present in the path. If TFO is activated between two end nodes, TFO Frames with compressed speech (e.g. AMR in LSB) as payload are carried over 8 or 16 kbit/s channels mapped onto the least or two least significant bits of the 64 kbit/s...

In Early legacy telephone network, A call between the two mobiles involved with two transcoding function at both the end which decrease the voice quality. The Transcoding Function done by the TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit) to compress and decompress the speech.  Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO) is transport of compressed speech, which eliminates unnecessary coding and decoding of the signals when both end uses the same codecs. TrFO utilizes out of band signaling capabilities that include the ability to determine the negotiated codec type to be used at the two end nodes.  If the two end nodes are capable of the same codec operations, it may be possible to traverse the entire packet network using only the compressed speech (of the preferred codec). TrFO is basic function of codec Management.  Following are the benefits of achieving the TrFO:  1.) Improve the voice quality because of eliminati...

HEX VALUE                                                       CAUSE ---------------------------------------------------------------- 03                                                               No route to destination 06                                                               Channel unacceptable 08                                                               Preemption 0...

Service Name                              HEX                                    BINARY ================================================== CLIP                                           11                                      00010001 CLIR                                           12                                      00010010  COLP                       ...

Here is UMTS subscriber call flow with the core network. MS-A                                               MSC                                                      MS-B **************************************************************************************************** -------Initial_UE(CM_SERVICE_REQ) -->| ------------Dir_Trnx(AUTH_REQ)         <--| -------------Dir_Trnx(AUTH_RSP)         -->| ---------------SecurityModeCmd            <--| --------------SecurityModeComp           -->| -----Dir_Trnx(TMSI_RELOC_CMD)   <--| ----Dir_Trnx(TMSI_RELOC_COMP)  -->|   -------------...

Location Update Flow : ***********************************************************************  Mobile Station                                                                 MSC ************************************************************* ----------------------Initial_UE(CM_SERVICE_REQ)  -->| ---------------------------Dir_Trnx(AUTH_REQ)         <--| ---------------------------Dir_Trnx(AUTH_RSP)          -->| -----------------------------Cipher Mode Command     <--| -----------------------------Cipher Mode Complete      -->| ---------------------Dir_Trnx(TMSI_RELOC_CMD)   <--| ----------------------Dir_Trnx(LOCUPD_ACCEPT)    <--| ------------------------TMSI_RELOC_COMP     ...

The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) message are used by the peer to peer protocol. Following are the SCCP message used by the peer to connection oriented and connection less services. Application that uses the service of SCCP are called Subsystems. Refer the  SCCP structure for detail SCCP structure. Classes of service : • Class 0 —Basic connectionless class - it has no sequencing control. i does not impose any condition on SLS, therefore SCCP message can be delivered in out-of-sequece. • Class 1 —In-sequence delivery connectionless class - it adds the sequence control to class 0 service by requiring to insert the same SLS to all NSDU. • Class 2 —Basic connection-oriented class - Assign the local reference numbers (SLR,DLR) to create logical connection. it does not provide the flow control, loss, and mis-sequence detection. • Class 3 —Flow control connection-oriented class - Class 3 is an enhanced connection-oriented service that offers dete...